The phenomenon of freebies in Tamil Nadu has become a defining feature of the state’s electoral politics, with political parties offering a wide array of goods and services to voters. This practice, while not new, has evolved significantly over the decades and has become deeply embedded in the political landscape. The distribution of freebies ranges from household appliances and electronics to agricultural subsidies and social welfare schemes, creating a complex ecosystem that influences both voter behavior and state fiscal policy.
Political parties in Tamil Nadu have consistently used freebies as a key component of their election manifestos. The trend gained significant momentum in 2006 when the DMK party, led by M. Karunanidhi, promised free color TV sets, setting a precedent for future elections. This was followed by a series of similar promises from both DMK and AIADMK, including free laptops, mixer-grinders, milch cows, gold for mangalsutras, bicycles, and even free bus travel for women. The Erode East by-poll in February 2023 saw this culture reach new heights, with parties offering novel items like silver anklets and steel utensils, reflecting the intensifying competition to win voter support.
The origins of this electoral strategy can be traced to the "Thirumangalam formula" from the 2009 by-poll, where cash-for-votes allegedly contributed to an unusually high voter turnout of 89.89% and a decisive victory for the DMK candidate. This approach has since been replicated in various forms, with both major parties—DMK and AIADMK—accusing each other of manipulating official machinery during by-polls to ensure favorable outcomes. The Madras High Court and the Election Commission have become involved in addressing concerns about fairness in elections, particularly regarding the distribution of gifts and freebies.
The fiscal implications of these schemes have been a subject of intense debate among economists and policymakers. Tamil Nadu’s 2009-10 budget allocated substantial amounts for freebies: ₹2.79 billion for free power to farmers, ₹12.51 billion for free electricity connections to huts and places of worship, ₹5 billion for 2.5 million color TV sets, and ₹1.4 billion for free gas stoves and connections. These allocations, while significant, are viewed by some as necessary welfare schemes rather than mere electoral bribes. According to Prof. J. Jeyaranjan, vice chairman of the State Planning Commission, these initiatives are "economic necessities to propel inclusive and sustainable growth."
Critics, however, argue that freebies create dependency and reduce accountability. A survey by the Association for Democratic Reforms found that 41% of voters in Tamil Nadu considered freebies an important factor in voting, while 59% expressed satisfaction with the state government’s performance. The debate extends to fiscal sustainability, with concerns that recurring subsidies strain state resources. However, analysts note that consumer durables like mixer-grinders and laptops are one-time investments per family and do not significantly distort the economy. Managing recurring subsidies and increasing non-tax revenue are seen as critical for long-term fiscal health.
Despite the controversy, Tamil Nadu has maintained inclusive growth, with per capita income rising from less than ₹20,000 in the late 1960s to ₹60,000 in 2012. The state’s economy is the second largest in India, and subsidies or freebies do not account for a major share of its revenues. The state’s debt is considered manageable, and with the implementation of the Goods and Services Tax (GST), revenues are expected to improve further.
The political rivalry between DMK and AIADMK has intensified the freebie culture, with both parties engaging in a game of one-upmanship. This has led to accusations of voter bribery and concerns about the long-term impact on democratic processes. Former Chief Election Commissioner N Gopalaswami remarked that Tamil Nadu might be the only state where politicians make voters "corrupt" through such practices. The issue has also influenced other states like Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Punjab, and Chhattisgarh, which have adopted similar strategies.
Legal challenges have emerged, with opposition parties like AIADMK filing petitions in the Madras High Court to ensure fair elections. The Election Commission has responded by filing affidavits committing to free and fair polls, while Returning Officers have taken action against illegal gift distribution. These developments highlight the ongoing tension between populist welfare measures and the principles of electoral integrity.
The debate over freebies in Tamil Nadu reflects broader questions about the role of government in providing social safety nets versus fostering economic dependency. While some view these schemes as essential for uplifting marginalized communities, others argue they undermine fiscal responsibility and long-term development. The state’s experience offers valuable insights into the complexities of balancing populist policies with sustainable economic management.
As Tamil Nadu continues to navigate this intricate landscape, the freebie culture remains a powerful electoral tool, shaping not only election outcomes but also the state’s socio-economic fabric. The ongoing discourse underscores the need for transparent, accountable governance that addresses genuine public needs without compromising fiscal stability. Understanding this phenomenon is crucial for comprehending the dynamics of Indian politics and the challenges of democratic governance in a diverse and developing nation.